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Orientalism

Orientalism is primarily a term used for the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers, designers and artistsSince the 19th century, "orientalist" has been the traditional term for a scholar of Oriental studies, however the use in English of "Orientalism" to describe academic "Oriental studies" is rare; the Oxford English Dictionary cites only one such usage, by Lord Byron in 1812 Orientalism was more widely used to refer to the works of French artists in the 19th century, who used artistic elements derived from their travels to non-European countries of North Africa and Western AsiaNonetheless, the 20th century saw considerable change in the term's usage In 1978, American scholar Edward Said published his influential and controversial book, Orientalism; he used the term to describe a pervasive Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries Said was critical of both this scholarly tradition and of some modern scholars, particularly Bernard Lewis American literary critic Paul De Man supported Said's criticism of these modern scholars as he stated in his article on semiotic rhetoric "Said took a step further than any other modern scholar of his time, something I dare not do I remain in the safety of rhetorical analysis where criticism is the second best thing I do"[1]In complete contrast, some modern scholars have used the term to refer to writers of the Imperialist era with pro-Eastern attitudes[2]More recently, the term is also used in the meaning of "stereotyping of Islam", both by advocates and academics in refugee rights advocacy A particular aspect of this stereotyping, described as "neo-Orientalism", occurs in the context of forced migration, particularly affecting women, and its alleged damage to refugee rights both in and outside the Arab and Muslim world[3]Orientalism refers to the Orient or East,[4] in contrast to the Occident or WestIn the later Roman Empire, the Praetorian prefecture of the East, the Praefectura Praetorio Orientis, included most of the Eastern Roman Empire from the eastern Balkans eastwards; its easternmost part was the Diocese of the East, the Dioecesis Orientis, corresponding roughly to Greater SyriaOver time, the common understanding of 'the Orient' has continually shifted eastwards, as Western explorers traveled farther into Asia It finally reached the Pacific Ocean, in what Westerners came to call 'the Far East' These shifts in time and identification sometimes confuse the scope (historical and geographic) of Oriental StudiesYet, there remain contexts where 'the Orient' and 'Oriental' have kept their older meanings, eg 'Oriental spices' typically are from the regions extending from the Middle East to sub-continental India to Indo-China Travelers may again take the Orient Express train from Paris to Istanbul, a route established in the early 20th century It never reached the nations bordering the Pacific Ocean, or what is currently understood to be the Orient

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In contemporary English, Oriental usually refers to goods from the parts of East Asia traditionally occupied by East Asians and most Central Asians and Southeast Asians racially categorized as "Mongoloid" This excludes Indians, Arabs, most other West Asian peoples Because of historical discrimination against Chinese and Japanese, in some parts of the United States, the term is considered derogatory; for example, Washington state prohibits use of the word "Oriental" in legislation and government documentation, preferring the word "Asian" instead


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Orientalism - Oil Paintings Art Gallery Maria D'Adam