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Orientalism

Orientalism is a term used especially in art for the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers, designers and artists In particular, Orientalist painting, depicting more specifically "the Middle East and North Africa",[1] was one of the many specialisms of 19th century Academic art Since the publication of Edward Said's Orientalism, the term has arguably acquired a negative connotation"Orientalism" refers to the Orient or East,[2] in contrast to the Occident or West"Orientalism" is widely used in art, to refer to the works of the many 19th century artists, who specialized in "Oriental" subjects, often drawing on their travels to North Africa and Western Asia Artists as well as scholars were already described as "Orientalists" in the 19th century, especially in France, where the term, with a rather dismissive sense, was largely popularized by the critic Jules Castagnary[3] Such disdain did not prevent the Societi des Peintres Orientalistes ("Society of Orientalist Painters") being founded in 1893, with Jean-Lion Girime as honorary president;[4] the word was less often used as a term for artists in 19th century England[5]Since the 18th century, "orientalist" has been the traditional term for a scholar of Oriental studies; however the use in English of "Orientalism" to describe the academic subject of "Oriental studies" is rare; the Oxford English Dictionary cites only one such usage, by Lord Byron in 1812 The academic discipline of Oriental studies is now more often called Asian studiesIn 1978, the Palestinian-American scholar Edward Said published his influential and controversial book, Orientalism, which "would forever redefine" the word;[6] he used the term to describe a pervasive Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries Said was critical of both this scholarly tradition and of some modern scholars, particularly Bernard Lewis Said was mainly concerned with literature in the widest sense, especially French literature, and did not cover visual art and Orientalist painting, though others, notably Linda Nochlin, have tried to extend his analysis to art, "with uneven results"[7] Said's work has given rise to a new discipline called Postcolonialism or Postcolonial studiesThe Moresque style of Renaissance ornament is a European adaptation of the Islamic arabesque that began in the late 15th century and was to be used in some types of work, such as bookbinding, until almost the present day Early architectural use of motifs lifted from the Indian subcontinent has sometimes been called "Hindoo style" One of the earliest examples is the faiade of Guildhall, London (17881789) The style gained momentum in the west with the publication of views of India by William Hodges, and William and Thomas Daniell from about 1795 Examples of "Hindoo" architecture are Sezincote House (c 1805) in Gloucestershire, built for a nabob returned from Bengal, and the Royal Pavilion in BrightonTurquerie, which began as early as the late 15th century, continued until at least the 18th century, and included both the use of "Turkish" styles in the decorative arts, the adoption of Turkish costume at times, and interest in art depicting the Ottoman Empire itself Venice, the traditional trading partner of the Ottomans, was the earliest centre, with France becoming more prominent in the 18th centuryChinoiserie is the catch-all term for the fashion for Chinese themes in decoration in Western Europe, beginning in the late 17th century and peaking in waves, especially Rococo Chinoiserie, ca

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17401770 From the Renaissance to the 18th century, Western designers attempted to imitate the technical sophistication of Chinese ceramics with only partial success Early hints of Chinoiserie appeared in the 17th century in nations with active East India companies: England (the British East India Company), Denmark (the Danish East India Company), the Netherlands (the Dutch East India Company) and France (the French East India Company)


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